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(INITIAL POST 250 words 2 academic sources. Peer response 250 words 1 different
(INITIAL POST 250 words 2 academic sources. Peer response 250 words 1 different source)
Financing of Health Care:
How can nurses influence the costs and delivery of health care services?
Legal Context for Community/Public Health:
How are basic legal issues relevant to community/public health nursing practice?
Ethics: Vulnerable Population
Please read the information regarding the timeline on the
U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee on the CDC
LINK: https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/timeline.htm
and discuss responses to the questions that follow:
What regulations are in place to protect vulnerable populations from similar studies?
Who is responsible for enforcing these regulations?
PEER to RESPOND TO:
Bri’s post:
How can nurses influence the costs and delivery of health care services?
Nursing can influence the cost and delivery of health care services by utilizing evidence-based practices, being aware of waste when it comes to medical supplies, encouraging and educating on preventive care, and actively contributing to patient care strategies that prevent unnecessary tests and procedures. (Cost-effective care, 2023)
How are fundamental legal issues relevant to community/public health nursing practice?
One significant legal issue nurses encounter daily is the laws surrounding a patient’s privacy and confidentiality. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) was put in place by the federal government to ensure the confidentiality and protection of personal health records along with any data obtained from electronic medical records and 3rd party insurance companies, safeguarding that any information about the patient is only shared with care team members who are actively providing them care. (Ernstmeyer & Christman, 2022). Other legal issues include false imprisonment, the act of restraining another person to confinement either through physical, chemical, or verbal use. Slander and Libel are the defamation of an individual’s character through harmful, malicious, or false remarks that damage their reputation—fraud in deceiving intentional offense for personal gain. (Ernstmeyer & Christman, 2022). Negligence and Malpractice occur without the intention of causing harm, but harm still happens. Negligence is the failure to practice the regular care a sensible person would use in comparable circumstances. Malpractice is when disregard or carelessness is committed by a licensed professional. (Ernstmeyer & Christman, 2022).
What regulations are in place to protect vulnerable populations from similar studies?
To protect vulnerable populations from unethical studies, such as those involved in Tuskegees, the National Research Act organized the Belmont Report, establishing three rudimentary ethical principles and parameters to address ethical issues arising from conducting research with human subjects. Respect for persons: The individual should have autonomy and be entitled to protection. Beneficence means that the human subject is not harmed, and the research needs to provide the maximum number of benefits possible and minimal harm. Justice, the risks, and the benefits of the research are distributed fairly. (University of Missouri-Kansas City 2024).
Who is responsible for enforcing these regulations?
In 1981, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established regulations influenced by the Belmont Report. DHHS introduced rules in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 45, Part 46, explicitly addressing human subject protection. Similarly, the FDA implemented CFR Title 21, Parts 50 and 56 regulations, which focused on safeguarding human subjects and Institutional Review Boards. (University of Missouri-Kansas City 2024)
By 1991, the primary DHHS regulations (45 CFR Part 46, Subpart A) were officially adopted by multiple Departments and Agencies engaged in human subject research, forming the Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, known as the “Common Rule.” The Department of Veterans Affairs enforced this regulation in 38 CFR Part 16. Presently, the 1991 Federal Policy is upheld by 17 Departments and Agencies, covering most federal entities supporting research involving human subjects. (University of Missouri-Kansas City 2024)
Resources
Cost-effective care . Lecturio Nursing. (2023, December 4). https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/free-cheat-sheet/cost-effective-care/#:~:text=For%20nurses%2C%20this%20means%20relying,avoid%20redundant%20tests%20and%20proceduresLinks to an external site..
Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN); Ernstmeyer K, Christman E, editors. Nursing Management and Professional Concepts [Internet]. Eau Claire (WI): Chippewa Valley Christman, E. (2022). Chapter 5 – Legal Implications. Nursing Management and Professional Concepts [Internet]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK598383/Links to an external site.
University of Missouri-Kansas City. History of Research Ethics. (2024b). https://ors.umkc.edu/services/compliance/irb/history-of-research-ethics.html#:~:text=The%20National%20Research%20Act%20codified,issuance%20of%20the%20Belmont%20Report.
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